Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. World War II Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. Kapplers days were over. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Collect, curate and comment on your files. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. We have no ads to show you! Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Retrieved from Wikimedia . Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. As they already had so many enemies, the last thing they wanted was to alienate the worlds entire Catholic population by violating the Popes domain. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed less than 105 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. [1] [2] Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. What happened to Herbert Kappler? Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. Herbert Kappler. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. Mr. Kappler's escape last Aug. 15 from the military hospital, to which he had been transferred because of deteriorating health, caused a political furor. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Comment * what is insensible water loss. Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . [citation needed] By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. Reply ( 0) Leave a comment. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. In 1934, OFlaherty was appointedMonsignor; a title for high-ranking clergy members who have provided valuable service to the church. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. iie was 70 years old. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. He was only obeying orders.. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. He would never join his diocese. This set the stage for further advancement and Kappler was commissioned a Gestapo officer, with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer (second lieutenant), on November 9, 1938 (the traditional anniversary of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch). Where is Herbert Kappler buried? Thank you for using this website. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. She was their only child. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. 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