PubMed However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Google Scholar. In: Nichter M, editor. Mesfin H. Kahissay. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. 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Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. A world survey. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. Google Scholar. Nature of qualitative evidence. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. J Hum Lact. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Accessibility This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2005;60:691700. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. I have never gone to modern health centers. Epub 2015 Feb 10. A.A. 2015. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. National Library of Medicine Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. Google Scholar. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Kickbush I. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Bryman A. Google Scholar. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Terms and Conditions, Epub 2022 Apr 6. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. In the mid-19th . [Female, Study Community # 3]. government site. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. 2nd ed. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. A. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Federal Ministry of Health. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Part of Cookies policy. PubMed BMC Public Health According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. FOIA Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. Qualitative inquiry and research design. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. . We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. [Female, Study Community # 5]. L. W. Feezer. 2006;20(2):12734. Prev Chronic Dis. 1). Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Click here to review the details. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Article Medical and cultural considerations. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. Oman Med J. By using this website, you agree to our germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. 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