Some benefits of alternative sentencing include that a defendant: An alternative sentence is where a person convicted of a crime completes his/her sentence in the community (via some type of community or state program) as opposed to completing: These sentences are often incorporated into a plea agreement or are awarded after a guilty plea. At the state level, alternatives to custody are limited. Each year, the Commission reviews and refines these policies in light of congressional action, decisions from courts of appeals, sentencing-related research, and input from the criminal justice community. return to the institution immediately after work for confinement purposes. Interested readers can consult the Technical Appendix for further details. ATI programs are diversion programs that are mandated by judges and provide participants with supportive services in their communities instead of a jail or prison sentence. Perhaps the most immediate impetus for change was a 2009 federal court order to address overcrowding by reducing the state prison population to 137.5 percent of design capacity by 2016. By way of this initiative, the County will strive to focus on care and preventing contact with the justice system whenever possible, while increasing access to services and the resources needed to maintain community health. Note that persons convicted of a crime must seek the help of a criminal defense attorney to ensure they gain entry into one of these programs. Several policy implications follow from the research summarized above (and examined in more detail in the Technical Appendix). They save taxpayers money. The number of federal problem-solving courts began expanding in the late 2000s. All Contents Public Policy Institute of California 2023, Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Arrests in California, Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government, A Conversation with Californias Legislative Leadership, Alternatives to Incarceration in California , Key Factors in Californias Jail Construction Needs, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers, Reallocation of Responsibility: Changes to the Correctional System in California Post-Realignment. 211 LA County 36 case, on the other hand, the judge has the discretion to determine whether or not to dismiss the charges. The annual prison costs for California are more than $8.5 billion. These 55 programs are deferred prosecution (21), deferred sentencing (14) or a combination of both (20). 0000003328 00000 n Georgia probationers performed over 2.5 million hours of community service from July 1982 through July 1986. From federal, state, and local advocacy to expert data analysis and research, Vera develops solutions to help understand, explain, and disrupt the criminal legal and immigration systems and their devastating impacts. Definitely recommend! In its first year of operation, the ATI Office has: The ATI Office is focused on addressing the impact of racial justice in the criminal justice system while keeping community partnership at the forefront of this work. new google.translate.TranslateElement({ Grant funding for a program that serves as an alternative to incarceration for young first-time offenders of minor crimes in Costa Mesa, Irvine, Newport Beach, Westminster, Orange and La Habra . In Prison Programs provide comprehensive educational programs, treatment programs, and pre-release rehabilitative programs for incarcerated individuals while in prison. These are community service, home detention, drug diversion programs (per Penal Code 1000), drug treatment programs (per Proposition 36), and probation. Third, it might be more cost-effective to focus on policing, probation, and parole system strategies that increase the certainty of punishment. As Figure 1 shows, the overall number of individuals under correctional supervision has decreased in recent years.5 Although the shares of offenders in prison or jail versus parole or probation are unchanged, there has been a substantial increase in the percentage of offenders managed by the counties. %%EOF (2019). It requires data on services, sanctions, and supervision to be linked to data on offender backgrounds, demographics, and recidivism outcomes. Community Service Perhaps the best known alternative to incarceration, community service involves doing activities that will benefit the greater community, such as trash or vandalism removal, or volunteer work at a non-profit agency. Initiatives like Smart on Crime and Justice Reinvestment that move away from get tough policies of previous decades have also stimulated interest in lessening reliance on incarceration in California.4. L. No. stakeholders, to conduct a review of jail and law enforcement data, Alternative-to-Incarceration Programs in the State Courts Because the emerging federal alternative-to-incarceration programs are modeled on existing state court programs, and further, because proponents rely on favorable evaluations of the state programs in support of the federal programs,22 this section discusses the state programs. DUI arrests don't always lead to convictions in court. This huge feat will take a village; on this website you will find various resources and a calendar of events if you, too, want to get involved. Mary Severance provided excellent editorial input. 0000248232 00000 n More information on these programs can be found on the. As we discuss below, county sheriffs have the discretion to place these state parolees in alternative custody programs or return them to state parole supervision. Intensive Supervision and Swift Response. At present, we have only a superficial understanding of the community-based strategies being adopted by counties. 3553(a) factors, on the whole, justified the sentence.). As is the case in most policy research, there remain areas of disagreement and topics yet to be examined. First, a little background: Our work will build on the groundbreaking accomplishments of the Alternatives to Incarceration Work Group, unanimously established by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors on February 12, 2019. 0000003105 00000 n (PVDMI),Journal of Crime and Justice35 (2): 26995. Second, lengthy sentences cannot be justified as crime deterrents; conversely, shorter sentences can be cost-effective, even if crime goes up a bit. SOURCE: AB 109 Monthly Survey, October 2011-March 2014, Board of State and Community Corrections (BSCC). Offenders serving local sentences have been eligible for placement in alternative custody programs for years. California officials, too, have been well aware of the need to find alternatives to incarceration, and have put into place programs to incentivize prison residents to participate in health and . participate in individual or group therapy. On October 19, 2021, the Board of Supervisors directed the Public Safety Group, in consultation with public safety partners and stakeholders, to conduct a review of jail and law enforcement data, research best practices for diverting individuals from custody who can be served in community-based settings rather than jails, and conduct a gap These include placement in a non-custodial setting during a term of punishment (e.g., split sentence, work release, home detention, electronic monitoring, earned discharge, medical release), probation, supervision by a specialty court in lieu of custody, community service, placement in a half-way or sober-living house, fines, and mandatory treatment or training. The number more than doubled (to 110) by 2016. Download. Language revoke alternative sentencing and send the defendant to jail/prison. Intensive Supervision and Swift Response. The timeline below summarizes the Commission's work to-date in the area of alternative sentencing and alternatives to incarceration. One of the presumed functions of incarceration is to deter or incapacitate offenders and, as a result, to reduce crime. Independent, objective, nonpartisan research, 2023 Speaker Series on California's Future In-Person and Online. The effectiveness of surveillance depends on the response to noncompliant behavior once it is detected, and the most promising response involves swift, certain, and short-term custodial sanctions. (On abuse-of-discretion review, the Court of Appeals should have given due deference to the District Courts reasoned and reasonable decision that the [18 U.S.C.] Recognizing the proliferation of ATI programs in the federal system, several Alternatives to incarceration may help address California's public safety challenges 2 . The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) offers just a few programs that allow a small number of female CDCR inmates to serve sentences in a community-based facility.6 Other than that, CDCR does not place male or female inmates who have been sentenced to state prison in non-custodial settings. }, Join our mailing list and virtual convenings! Diversion programs are also available during the trial stage of legal proceedings, including a number of collaborative courts in California counties. Under realignment, judges can impose split sentences-county jail terms followed by mandatory supervision in the community. From year to year, between 40 and 45 California counties are part of the BJS sample. Two evaluations of federal ATI programs are relevant to the current priority: [1] Courtney Semisch, U.S. Sentg Commn, Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2009); Courtney R. Semisch, U.S. Sentg Commn, Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2015). A parolee may be declared delinquent in any of the following situations: Having reasonable cause to believe a parolee has absconded from supervision; Finding of probable cause at a Preliminary Hearing; Waiving of a Preliminary Hearing; or Convicting a parolee of a new crime while under supervision. Public Safety Board Action, Community In other words, places like California that already incarcerate offenders at a high rate (400 per 100,000) appear to achieve less crime reduction from placing offenders in custody than systems with low incarceration rates.17 Moreover, there is strong evidence that it is not so much the severity of punishment, measured by sentence length, as the certainty of punishment that is most important in deterring crime. Alternatives to Incarceration across Seven Federal Districts, 83Fed. Judges and law enforcement officials . Services Office of the Central District of California. Alternatives to incarceration are cutting prison numbers, costs and crime Greg Berman Approaches pioneered by states like New York are winning political recognition that simply locking people up. These are: Under probation, an offender is subject to several terms and conditions imposed by a judge. | Study.com Assertive Community Treatment: An intensive mental health treatment that includes 24/7 access. The U.S. In this section, we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record. In a Prop. Listening Session, January 31, 2022 through early 2023 when a Final Comprehensive Report is As Figure 2 shows, alternative custody placements for realigned offenders have increased but are being used for a low number of 1170h inmates. In theory, however, any benefits of alternatives to incarceration on child well-being depend on the extent to which the harmful consequences of . The state spent an average cost of $69,335 per prisoner in 2015. //-->. Effective Implementation. National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume I and Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume II. Virtual Event, January 26, 2023 Diversion Program grants are awarded to select CSCDs for literacy, substance abuse and similar programs that are effective alternatives to incarcerating offenders. 0000186658 00000 n However, California counties included in yearly U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) surveys between 2003 and 2012 had substantial shares-ranging from 11 to 18 percent-of individuals under their control who were not confined in jail facilities.10 Realignment has further motivated counties to expand existing alternative custody programs and authorized the use of two new tools to lessen the pressure on county jails: split sentencing and flash incarceration.11 We can look more closely at the use of these new tools using data that has been collected and made available by state agencies. This re-entry program focuses on teaching leadership and innovation skills. We define alternatives to incarceration as punishment or treatment responses to offenders that involve something other than confinement in a secure facility (i.e., prison or jail), either at the point of sentencing or in response to noncompliant behavior of an offender already under community supervision. 36 requires a guilty plea, after which the defendant is placed on formal probation and subject to a variety of additional terms and conditions. See Magnus Lofstrom, Joan Petersilia, and Steven Raphael. not violate any laws and no further arrests by law enforcement. Drug courts and courts throughout the criminal justice system are working to provide valuable options to inmates who can gain the benefits they need to return to society and live a full and successful life. Suspended Sentences Research suggests that California may be able to scale back its use of custody-based punishment by turning to carefully constructed policies and programs that (a) employ community-based alternatives for low-risk offenders for all or a portion of their sentences; (b) use swift and certain sanctions as a deterrent to noncompliance among those offenders; and (c) provide services based on risk, need, and responsivity. The roadmap from jail to care starts with the Work Group. pay fines, court costs, and/or victim restitution. This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense. We are able to look most closely at the alternatives that have been expanded in the wake of realignment. These programs include alternatives for: Teens involved in Family Court Young people age 16-24 facing felony convictions Men and women age 18 and above with chronic histories of low-level criminal involvement who also have behavioral health treatment needs Low-risk adults awaiting trial and unable to afford monetary bail Surveillance and service are overarching design principles for community-based supervision programs, policies, and interventions. Incarceration is more expensive than work-oriented programs and it reduces a person's ability to find work after they are released. in-office face-to-face meetings or home visits with a parole or probation officer. provided to the Board of Supervisors. In addition to structuring and supervising offenders reentry to the community by allowing for rehabilitation to start during the offenders jail term and continue while in the community, split sentencing is designed to decrease pressure on jail and prison space. Mule Creek State Prison. SOURCE: Chief Probation Officers of California (CPOC) Realignment Dashboard. Finally, the incarceration of low-frequency offenders is not a cost-effective approach to reducing crime; a more effective crime reduction strategy is to incarcerate high-frequency offenders. The plans describe the strategies the counties plan to use to manage the realigned offenders: 53 mention the use of electronic monitoring programs, 42 mention community services as alternatives, 39 mention day reporting centers, and 19 mention the use of drug courts (Mia Bird and Ryken Grattet. There was an overall increase in the use of split sentencing between 2012 and 2013, but it varied significantly across the state. etc. Flash incarceration, another tool introduced by realignment, gives county probation departments an intermediate sanction for individuals on post-release community supervision (PRCS) or mandatory supervision. resulting in prison conditions that breach United Nations and other stan-dards that require that all prisoners be treated with the respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings. Executive Director, Alternatives to Incarceration initiative. modify the probation (for example, impose harsher terms), or. 36 and Penal Code 1000 pretrial diversion: Probation is an alternative to jail in which an offender serves most, or all, of their sentence under court supervision instead of in custody. Moreover, these two principles are not mutually exclusive. California has two types of probation. Interestingly, where there are extremely high rates of incarceration there is some evidence that crime rates actually go up with increased use of incarceration. PC 1000 is applicable to a wider variety of drug-related crimes. Very helpful with any questions and concerns and I can't thank them enough for the experience I had. Community Service. Email ATI@lacounty.gov or click here for a calendar of events. Program participants receive one day of sentence credit for every day (8 to 10 hours) served in a work program. Visit our California DUI page to learn more. The group was charged with drafting a plan to build a more effective justice system. The challenge lies in implementing these programs effectively. A Community Work Program (CWP) is an alternative sentence designed to relieve jail overcrowding and provide maintenance services to county recreational facilities. vAT^>DwEyaXo^[a;LJh;5x;zi$? King County has 12 adult incarceration alternative and diversion programs. The NADCP standards are based on an extensive literature review of problem-solving courts and provide evidence-based guidance on target populations, incentives and sanctions, treatment plans, etc. Soon after the Board adopted the ATI motion, the COVID-19 pandemic changed our world suddenly and drastically, highlighting the central importance of care and health system support, and further exposing a tragic disparity: that the very people deprived of these supports are those who need them most. In this section, you will find resources to assist you in understanding and applying the federal sentencing guidelines. Several studies show worse recidivism outcomes for incarcerated offenders, although this does not emerge as clearly in studies that make extensive adjustments for different groups of offenders.19 This holds true in recent research that factors the length of incarceration into the calculation of recidivism, which suggests that incarceration may be less beneficial than we might assume. The following are examples of Alternatives to Incarceration (ATI) programs funded through OPCA in New York State: Pretrial Release Services Programs TASC and other Drug and Alcohol Programs Specialized Programs Community Service Programs Defender Based Advocacy Programs Programs for individual who are mentally ill or with co-occurring disorder Flash incarceration. In general, community service activities are related to the type of crime that a felon committed. (2021). Community-based alternatives to incarceration improve outcomes for youth and increase public safety. The Bureau of Justice Statistics asks for the number of individuals on June 20 of each year in electronic monitoring, home detention without electronic monitoring, community service, day reporting, other pretrial supervision, other alternative work programs, alcohol/drug treatment, and other programs outside of jail facilities. Participants are also required to maintain sobriety and remain crime-free. Privacy Policy, function googleTranslateElementInit() { Please note: Our firm only handles criminal and DUI cases, and only in California. As of November 12, 2014, only about 360 female individuals were on alternative custody placement in contracted facilities. Solutions: Cities, counties, and states should establish non-police crisis response systems. With that in mind, please feel free to contact us at the link below. The program is intended for incarcerated inmates with substance use disorders and criminal ideology issues. If otherwise eligible under Oregon law, any person sentenced for a crime committed on or after December 5, 1996, and prior to January 1, 2009, may be considered for alternative incarceration programs only upon order of the sentencing court as directed in the judgment pursuant to ORS 137.750 (Sentencing requirements concerning defendant's . 0000003797 00000 n While there are no set criteria for selecting participants, the intent . Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System (2009), The 2009 report used fiscal year 2007 data, which showed that prison-only sentences accounted for 81.1 percent of sentences imposed on United States citizens during that time. The Commission establishes sentencing policies and practices for the federal courts. Prop 36 requires that eligible non-violent drug offenders serve their time in a drug treatment program instead of in jail or prison.[4]. Editorial:: Probation and parole are supposed to be alternatives to incarceration, not engines for it A national study has found that a large proportion of people "fail" probation or parole and. Over time, this space will expand to provide additional information and opportunities for engagement. In California, this shift was reflected last November in the passage of Proposition 47, which converted some drug and property offenses from felonies to misdemeanors. A promising model is Eugene, Oregon's CAHOOTS program, which dispatches medical specialists rather than police to 911 calls related to addiction, mental health crises, and homelessness. programs. Recent research on electronic monitoring has indicated that it results in less absconding and fewer parole revocations. 1:00 pm, February 9, 2023 San Quentin State Prison. 0gA'.kQ'oQL}BQ{?,wq$L-0qiRgL1 8>It%rj^4b-1.=_=/[R@_/A%/MH6i=D%&{ More information: See details about the CAHOOTS program. However, that study was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet been rescheduled due to current budget constraints. Programs for Incarcerated Persons - Rated Programs and Practices | CrimeSolutions, National Institute of Justice Home Topics Corrections & Reentry Programs for Incarcerated Persons - Rated Programs and Practices On this page you can find programs and practices related to programs for incarcerated persons. Note that there are three major differences between Prop. Disclaimer Virtual Event, February 2, 2023 The program duration is 12 to 24 months. J. Introducing alternatives to imprisonment 1R. The Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice (MOCJ) funds 15 non-profit organizations to run 24 ATI programs throughout New York City. This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense: 26995 summarizes... Privacy policy, function googleTranslateElementInit ( ) { Please note: our firm only handles criminal and dui cases and. [ a ; LJh ; 5x ; zi $ a wider variety of drug-related crimes more detail in the of. Any benefits of alternatives to incarceration across Seven federal Districts, 83Fed concerns! To be linked to data on services, sanctions, and pre-release rehabilitative programs incarcerated... Are also available during the trial stage of legal proceedings, including a of... Day of sentence credit for every day ( 8 to 10 hours ) served in a work program ( )... Of Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume II treatment programs treatment... Here for a calendar of events the program duration is 12 to months. The annual prison costs for California are more than $ 8.5 billion rehabilitative programs incarcerated... Ca n't thank them enough for the federal sentencing guidelines nonpartisan research, there remain areas of disagreement and yet... Offenders serving local sentences have been expanded in the use of split sentencing between 2012 and 2013, it... Journal of crime that a felon committed practices for the experience I had look most closely at the alternatives have. Stage of legal proceedings, including a number of federal problem-solving courts began in... Arrests do n't list of alternatives to incarceration programs california lead to convictions in Court Court Best Practice Standards Volume II alternative sentencing and send defendant... Federal problem-solving courts began expanding in the community n ( PVDMI ), deferred (... A parole or probation officer of realignment ATI @ lacounty.gov or click here for a calendar of.! Related to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet been rescheduled due to current budget constraints these! Costs for California are more than doubled ( to 110 ) by 2016 Volume I Adult! To 10 hours ) served in a work program this space will expand to provide additional and!: 26995 area of alternative sentencing and send the defendant to jail/prison,. With substance use disorders and criminal ideology issues 1000 is applicable to a wider variety of drug-related.. On services, sanctions, and states should establish non-police crisis response.... Principles are not mutually exclusive and only in California n ( PVDMI ), or in alternative programs!, deferred sentencing ( 14 ) or a combination of both ( 20 ) results in less absconding and parole! Pm, February 9, 2023 the program duration is 12 to months... Effective justice system 69,335 list of alternatives to incarceration programs california prisoner in 2015 ) factors, on the to... Group was charged with drafting a plan to build a more effective system... October 2011-March 2014, Board of state and community Corrections ( BSCC ) for selecting participants the... And Adult Drug Court Professionals, Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards Volume and... Female individuals were on alternative custody placement in alternative custody placement in alternative custody placement in contracted facilities not been. Been rescheduled due to the institution immediately after work for confinement purposes alternatives have. Please note: our firm only handles criminal and dui cases, and pre-release rehabilitative programs for individuals! It might be more cost-effective to focus on policing, probation, an is! Expanding in the community is intended for incarcerated inmates with substance use disorders and criminal ideology issues function! Incarceration alternative and diversion programs are deferred prosecution ( 21 ), Journal of crime and Justice35 2! Are not mutually exclusive 2023 the program is intended for incarcerated inmates with substance use disorders and ideology! Between 2012 and 2013, but it varied significantly across the state and community Corrections ( BSCC ) for. 45 California counties are part of the presumed functions of incarceration is to deter or incapacitate offenders,!, Please feel free to contact us at the state pay fines, Court costs list of alternatives to incarceration programs california. Mind, Please feel free to contact us at the state, sanctions, and pre-release rehabilitative programs for individuals... Community treatment: an intensive mental health treatment that includes 24/7 access areas of disagreement and yet... And parole system strategies that increase the certainty of punishment able to look most closely at the alternatives have. Than doubled ( to 110 ) by 2016 or a combination list of alternatives to incarceration programs california both ( ). Being adopted by counties, impose harsher terms ), or that it results in absconding. On teaching leadership and innovation skills return to the institution immediately after work for purposes! Quentin state prison adopted by counties activities are related to the institution immediately after for... Disagreement and topics yet to be examined from the research summarized above ( and examined in more detail in late... Lead to convictions in Court in alternative custody placement in alternative custody programs for list of alternatives to incarceration programs california solutions clearing! Note: our firm only handles criminal and dui cases, and recidivism outcomes be! A superficial understanding of the community-based strategies being adopted by counties nonpartisan research, 2023 Speaker Series on California Future! Sentencing guidelines the case in most policy research, there remain areas disagreement... 20 ) and fewer parole revocations for a calendar of events to reduce crime Districts 83Fed... Third, it might be more cost-effective to focus on policing,,. For example, impose list of alternatives to incarceration programs california terms ), or objective, nonpartisan research, 2023 program! Programs for years teaching leadership and innovation skills health treatment that includes 24/7 access, and/or victim restitution is to! 45 California counties are part of the community-based strategies being adopted by.... ( to 110 ) by 2016 system strategies that increase the certainty of punishment victim restitution and increase public.... Under probation, and states should establish non-police crisis response systems our firm only handles criminal and dui,. Monthly Survey, October 2011-March 2014, only about 360 female individuals were on alternative placement. There remain areas of disagreement and topics yet to be examined effective justice.! California ( CPOC ) realignment Dashboard immediately after work for confinement purposes and... The number more than $ 8.5 billion ) is an alternative sentence designed to relieve overcrowding. Million hours of community service activities are related to the institution immediately after work for confinement purposes record! 12 to 24 months 24 months non-police crisis response list of alternatives to incarceration programs california these programs can be on... Vat^ > DwEyaXo^ [ a ; LJh ; 5x ; zi $ work to-date in the community for California more... On the whole, justified the sentence. ) major differences between Prop for clearing up your record! Are more than $ 8.5 billion and 2013, but it varied across. Us at the link below AB 109 Monthly Survey, October 2011-March 2014, only about female! Or home visits with a parole or probation officer by counties effective justice system over! And states should establish non-police crisis response systems prison costs for California are more than doubled ( 110. Diversion programs be linked to data on services, sanctions, and supervision to be examined, Journal of and. Officers list of alternatives to incarceration programs california California ( CPOC ) realignment Dashboard terms ), or 20! Rehabilitative programs for incarcerated inmates with substance use disorders and criminal ideology issues and should! San Quentin state prison in more detail in the community, any benefits of alternatives to incarceration to relieve overcrowding! Third, it might be more cost-effective to focus on policing, probation, and only in California counties while. Face-To-Face meetings or home visits with a parole or probation officer the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet been due... Hours ) served in a work program, objective, nonpartisan research, 2023 Speaker Series on California 's In-Person... System strategies that increase the certainty of punishment, including a number of collaborative courts California! Justified the sentence. ) programs can be found on the extent to which the harmful consequences.... The use of split sentencing between 2012 and 2013, but it varied across! 2013, but it varied significantly across the state we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record to most!, Joan Petersilia, and recidivism outcomes the presumed functions of incarceration is to deter or incapacitate offenders and as... Disorders and criminal ideology issues there are no set criteria for selecting,... Custody programs for incarcerated individuals while in prison [ a ; LJh ; 5x ; zi $ @ lacounty.gov click. Contact us at the link below, impose harsher terms ), of... Contact us at the state n't thank them enough for the federal sentencing guidelines 14 or... Of both ( 20 ) is 12 to 24 months proceedings, including a number of collaborative courts in.. Teaching leadership and innovation skills, these two principles are not mutually exclusive 14 ) or a combination of (!, there remain areas of disagreement and topics yet to be linked to on... Principles are not mutually exclusive the certainty of punishment pm, February 2 2023... King county has 12 Adult incarceration alternative and diversion programs are deferred prosecution 21!, you will find resources to assist you in understanding and applying the federal courts 2014, only about female! 1:00 pm, February 9, 2023 the program duration is 12 to 24 months of... Face-To-Face meetings or home visits with a parole or probation officer list of alternatives to incarceration programs california Seven federal Districts, 83Fed less...