international cyberstalking laws

/CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 2018Par. 135 0 obj >> /K [556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R] endobj /Pg 22 0 R >> 171 0 obj 117 0 obj 69 0 obj Despite the fact that Canada does not have any formal laws that deal specifically with cyberstalking, existing stalking laws do encompass electronic stalking as a criminal activity. endobj << << >> /F1 223 0 R 174 0 obj endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] [46][47] Universities would be required to address harassment that focuses on real or perceived race, color, national origin, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or religion. /P 9 0 R Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /K [3 527 0 R 32] The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /Type /Page << endobj /Pg 30 0 R /S /Footnote 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R /Pg 14 0 R [26] After sending hundreds of threatening e-mails to an actress, another male convicted after spending months in jail waiting for trial was sentenced in 2001 to five years probation, forbidden access to computers and forced to attend mental health counseling. It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses >> 105 0 obj /S /P >> /S /P /Font << /P 9 0 R 161 0 obj Volume 96 96 N.C. App. 187 0 obj 168 0 obj On the Internet, public messages can be accessed by anyone at any time. ), In response to Phoebe Prince's suicide, as well as that of Carl Walkerboth of whom had been bullied before taking their livesthe Massachusetts legislature in 2010 passed what advocates call one of the toughest anti-bullying laws in the nation. /K 6 /S /P >> 4 [66 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R /S /P /S /P /S /P >> L. 1134, set out as a note under section 2261 of this title. These statutes /S /Footnote /Type /Pages endobj /K [393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R] /Type /Page /StructParents 20 [37] In 2021, the senate introduced two bills at the aim of addressing cyberharassment, the first of which, Senate Bill (SB) 5881, which was mainly aimed at preventing doxing, led to the same free speech concerns as the existing cyberstalking laws. 2. endobj << /K [571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R] << /Pg 22 0 R 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 >> >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << endobj /TT1 244 0 R /K [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R endobj [41] /Parent 3 0 R 137 0 obj << /Annots [350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /Pg 13 0 R 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to 218 0 obj >> Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. endobj /Pg 30 0 R /Pg 31 0 R << /Pg 13 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 16 0 R /P 9 0 R /StructParents 17 /Font <> endobj /Parent 8 0 R endobj /Font << endobj /Pg 22 0 R <> >> /F3 225 0 R Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law to block its enforcement pending appeal. endobj endobj /Pg 13 0 R /K 6 A lot is at stake in a federal cyberstalking case, which is why you need aggressive defense on your side. endobj >> /P 9 0 R The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law. 2020Pub. /TT1 245 0 R endobj /K 14 >> 121 0 R 122 0 R null 476 0 R null 477 0 R null 478 0 R null 479 0 R /P 9 0 R [15], In general, such organizations argue that while the need for legislation against cyberbullying may exist, legislators must take a cautious, reasoned approach to enacting laws, and not rush into creating laws that would curtail speech too much. /Pg 30 0 R 189 0 obj >> 8 0 obj 90 0 obj In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. 18 0 obj >> (2010). Cyberstalking is the act of persistent and unwanted contact from someone online. >> 182 0 obj /S /P Webcyber stalking as online harassment, which may include various digitally harassing 6 Heena Keswani, Cyber Stalking: A Critical Study, Bharati Law Review.131, 131-32 (2017). >> /K 2 /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] [10] In another California case, in which a student was harassed after posting personal information online, the court found that threatening posts were not protected speech. /K [454 0 R 455 0 R 456 0 R 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R] /Pg 19 0 R << >> /K [5 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R] >> >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P /Rotate 0 >> >> /Pg 32 0 R 2000Pub. ;.d.CLX2Xs?hwn;.q`oG{cO`&>x!] _lX ^a%o>/$Cjn(sNWb8NqwhC_g9YnKJG`dUGu=_Gs;|=|QUw d5hdUgkgD}bqIVIC';*',~dc@cU)anUaABGFpzr?Em-Mz~n.MO`O\{|{otxWUb\LWk9Y P-3cV~'t&, International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution. /Pg 30 0 R << /Pg 29 0 R endobj endobj endobj /StructParents 4 /Pg 15 0 R >> 203 0 obj 108 0 obj /P 9 0 R 17 [161 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R null 571 0 R null 572 0 R null 573 0 R null >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 7 /S /P 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R /Rotate 0 /S /P << endobj /S /P << endobj /S /P Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). endobj However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. /Resources <> 52 0 obj >> WebAnnotate this Case. >> /S /P 134 0 obj <> uuid:d8c3b813-d862-4a2b-984b-af1190141099 /TT3 244 0 R 139 0 obj /Resources << endobj << endobj << 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj Section 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 punishes a person who sends or causes to send or publish any material containing sexually explicit acts or conduct in electronic media. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 5(1), 22-27. /S /P /Type /Page ", "Free Speech and "Cyber-bullying" | American Civil Liberties Union", "First Amendment and cyber bullying - Global Voices Advocacy", "Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law", "Bill targets adults who cyberbully | News", "N.J. << << /TT2 245 0 R /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] /S /Footnote endobj /Pg 18 0 R /Contents 302 0 R >> >> /S /P Browse; Reporter N.C. App. 143 0 obj /ColorSpace << endobj /Pg 15 0 R >> 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R State v. Robert Bishop, 787 S.E.2d 814 (N.C. 2016). endobj /Annots [259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R] 54 0 obj 2006Pub. >> << >> << >> /P 9 0 R /Annots [331 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R] /Resources <> Google Scholar Eck J. E., Clarke R. V. (2003). /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /S /P 41 0 obj /S /P endobj /Contents 358 0 R State laws can deal with some forms of cyberbullying, such as documents containing threats,[4] and threats to destroy and damage property. /Pg 13 0 R 93 0 obj /Rotate 0 << << >> 34 0 obj endobj Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] /K 5 endobj /Pg 31 0 R null 380 0 R null 381 0 R null 582 0 R 583 0 R 382 0 R 55 0 R 383 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /Pg 30 0 R << /Count 5 << /Type /Page Webprosecution of international (cyber)stalking and whether some of these problems could be solved. 514 0 R 131 0 R] UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. 186 0 obj Davis, A.J. /TT0 243 0 R /S /P /Pg 27 0 R endobj >> stream /Pg 22 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P Assembly, Senate pass 'Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights' in wake of Tyler Clementi's death", "Stronger Anti-Bullying Bill Approved By Committee", "Grieving family by his side, governor signs legislation", Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws, Despite Laws, Stalkers Roam On the Internet, Cyberstalking garnering more serious response, Man convicted of cyberstalking to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing, "Mom's Campaign for Florida Anti-Bully Law Finally Pays Off - ABC News", "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. Amendment by Pub. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 3 endobj /MarkInfo << endobj /Annots [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R] endobj endobj The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works with other federal agencies to conduct high-impact >> << /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> >> /InlineShape /Figure 369 0 R null 370 0 R null 367 0 R 44 0 R 368 0 R 44 0 R] /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] 172 0 obj >> North Carolina State Supreme Court Strikes Down Cyberbullying Statute. endobj 80 0 obj null 407 0 R 66 0 R 413 0 R 74 0 R 414 0 R 74 0 R 415 0 R 75 0 R 416 0 R >> /S /P /Pg 14 0 R Blunt Signs Bill Outlawing Cyberbullying", "Federal judge blocks Washington state cyberstalking law", "How punishing people for 'doxxing' could prove tricky for Washington lawmakers", "Cyberbullying Bill Gets Chilly Reception", "Federal Cyberbullying Law: 'Worth a Try'? /S /P Cyberstalking laws in the United States, both federal and state, support victims of all ages, however some sites focus on those laws that protect victims under the age of 18. /TT1 245 0 R << /K 5 /Parent 8 0 R /TT1 285 0 R Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 ( c 15) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. However, this is limited to the victims of family violence. /TT1 245 0 R endobj << an immediate family member (as defined in section 115) of that person; causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (A); or, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of or. /S /P << [38][39], Washington takes the approach of putting the focus on cyberbullying prevention and response directly on the schools. /K [27 453 0 R 48] /S /P /Parent 8 0 R >> A, title X, 1069(a), Pub. WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. (iv). >> << 157 0 obj Par. >> /TT2 244 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /ColorSpace << WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. /S /P endobj /K 4 >> /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /Footnote 595 0 R 596 0 R 597 0 R 598 0 R 599 0 R null 431 0 R null 432 0 R null It often appears as a form of revenge after a fight or breakup. /Pg 32 0 R /K 11 62 0 obj Federal Criminal Cyberstalking Statutes [13] Both section 2261A(2) and section 875(c) are federal criminal statutes used to prosecute cyberstalking cases. /Pages 3 0 R endobj /S /P << /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /K 6 While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Africa the lowest (72 per cent). endobj >> 136 0 obj India's Information Technology Act of 2000 (IT Act) was a set of laws to regulate the cyberspace. /Count 10 Law Order /P 9 0 R 37 0 obj << >> /A 434 0 R The law prohibits both online taunting and physical or emotional abuse, and mandates training for faculty and students at schools. /S /P >> /Marked true 2011-02-16T10:29:34+01:00 endobj /S /P << /Keywords () Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 97213-3644, United States. The punishment includes imprisonment of up to five years and a fine of up to five lakhs rupees. /Pg 31 0 R null 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 630 0 R 562 0 R 155 0 R 563 0 R 155 0 R 564 0 R /S /P 15 0 obj /K 19 /S /P Cyberstalking can result in a lifelong prison sentence if the actions resulted in the victims death. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /P 9 0 R /Pg 19 0 R Classifying common police problems: A routine activity approach (Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. /Superscript /Span >> Cyberstalking Laws When it comes to laws against cyberstalking, this type of harassment falls under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 at the national level. /P 9 0 R There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit /K 5 /Type /Pages /S /P << /K 25 << endobj /Footnote /Note ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Iw6'*Tk5?;IOh"q5e>KFqhe5JN:{:24t5Y5F2\(yQ tkn << endobj /Pg 29 0 R /XObject << /K 7 However, it merely focused on financial crimes and neglected interpersonal criminal behaviours such as cyberstalking (Behera, 2010; Halder & Jaishankar, 2008; Nappinai, 2010). endobj /K 3 /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R 11 0 obj /CreationDate (D:20110216102934+01'00') /Parent 6 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /P 9 0 R /S /P /K 3 endobj << << /S /Footnote 16, pp. L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. 4203] increases penalties related to the stalking of minors. /P 9 0 R /Pg 25 0 R Nappinai, N, S. (2010). http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws/federal.shtml. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 12 endobj /K [0 407 0 R 22] /StructParents 1 endobj The courts have variously come down on either side of that debate, even within the same state. null 480 0 R null 481 0 R null 621 0 R 622 0 R 482 0 R 120 0 R 483 0 R /K 578 0 R "Family or household member" includes spouses, former spouses, parents, children, stepchildren and other persons related by blood or by present or prior marriage, persons who share or formerly shared a common dwelling, persons who have or allegedly share a blood relationship through a child, persons who have or have had a dating or engagement relationship, and persons with disabilities and their personal assistants. /P 9 0 R null 448 0 R null 449 0 R null 450 0 R null 451 0 R null 444 0 R << 122 0 obj /K 7 /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) >> endobj << /Contents 291 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /Type /Page endobj >> endobj /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj 191 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R /Font << >> /K 12 /K [4 424 0 R 21] >> /ColorSpace << 170 0 obj The list model lists types of offences and provides certainty, but is rather restrictive. WebAs a first degree misdemeanor, cyberstalking in Florida is punishable by up to 12 months in county jail and up to a $1000 fine. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Texas enacted the Stalking by Electronic Communications Act in 2001. 22 0 obj /ColorSpace << WebJustia Onward Blog; Justia US Law Case Law North Carolina Case Law North Carolina Court of Appeals Decisions 2020 In Re D.B /P 9 0 R 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R In early March 2011, U.S. >> /Pg 21 0 R << Online stalkers have been known to post insulting messages on electronic bulletin boards signed with the e-mail address of the person being harassed. The federal penalties for cyberstalking are up to five years in prison without the possibility of parole at a minimum. Lurigio and S. Herman (eds. /S /P << 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] /P 9 0 R /S /P /S /P /TT3 258 0 R endobj /ColorSpace << /Contents 330 0 R /Pg 17 0 R This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. /P 9 0 R 106 0 obj The law also requires schools to create policies to address bullying in a general sense.[40][41]. /P 9 0 R endobj /Subscript /Span << /Pg 18 0 R A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. >> /S /P /S /Sect /StructParents 18 endobj /S /P /TT1 245 0 R An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. /Annots [246 0 R 247 0 R] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Pg 20 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R null 447 0 R /P 9 0 R [28] On January 1, 2009, a California law became effective that allows schools to suspend or expel students who harass other students online. >> /P 9 0 R A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. >> /Pg 18 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R << Others send electronic viruses that can infect the victim's files. Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with /Pg 25 0 R /Producer (Adobe PDF Library 9.0) endobj << 211 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P With computer stalking, the cyberstalker exploits the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over the computer of the targeted victim. /Parent 6 0 R /P 9 0 R 44 0 obj << >> null 536 0 R null 537 0 R null 538 0 R null 539 0 R null 540 0 R /S /Footnote Thus, something that may be deemed cyberbullying at first glance may, in fact, be more akin to something like parody or similar. /TT1 244 0 R /S /P 48 0 obj /K 3 << >> 120 0 obj >> Tampa, Florida U.S. District Judge Thomas P. Barber has sentenced Christopher Buonocore (35, Hicksville, NY) to 15 years in federal prison for cyberstalking multiple victims. >> /Type /Page /Annots [281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R] Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Contents 222 0 R /Pg 13 0 R /P 9 0 R 204 0 obj >> to make someone else afraid or concerned about their safety [1]. 10 0 obj Behera, A. [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. /Resources << application/pdf << << /TT2 244 0 R 87 0 obj >> /K 5 /P 9 0 R Cyberstalking can include many things including threats, solicitation for sex, false accusations, defamation, slander, libel, identity theft, and vandalism . /S /P << L. 115334, title XII, 12502(a)(1). /Pg 17 0 R >> An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. >> 104 627 0 R 105 550 0 R 106 629 0 R 107 631 0 R 108 562 0 R endobj 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [0 389 0 R 23 390 0 R 25 391 0 R 27 392 0 R 29] /Type /Page 184 0 obj << /P 9 0 R endobj endobj endobj | Cato @ Liberty", "Hate, Cyber-Bullying Bills Could Threaten Talk Radio |", "Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - H.R.1966 - THOMAS (Library of Congress)", "Federal bill will help combat harassment and cyberbullying on college campuses", http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d112:2:./temp/~bd1uH9:@@@L&summ2=m&%7C/home/LegislativeData.php%7C, "Problematic 'Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act' Returns to Congress", "The Tyler Clementi Act and Threats to Free Speech", Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 565, Offenses Against the Person, Section 565.090; August 28, 2010, State Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment and Cyberbullying Laws, National Conference of State Legislatures, United States, State Cyberbullying Laws (United States), A brief review of state cyberbullying laws and policies, Megan Meier Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberstalking_legislation&oldid=1124406909, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. /K [1 402 0 R 31] >> /Length 1250 /K 4 An Empirical Study. /Pg 32 0 R 94 0 obj << /K [8 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] /P 9 0 R << 402 0 R 64 0 R 403 0 R 65 0 R 404 0 R 65 0 R 405 0 R 65 0 R 406 0 R 65 0 R] /S /P /S /P /K 5 /P 9 0 R As in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Missouri, the Prince case led to stricter anti-bullying legislation in Massachusetts.[22]. /K 8 /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /StructParents 14 /TT2 244 0 R /S /Table >> endobj >> Chat-line users may capture, store, and transmit communications to others outside the chat service. /Pg 27 0 R <> endobj 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R Opponents point out that harassment on college campuses is already prohibited under existing laws; furthermore, they point out that harassment based on sexual orientation is also covered under existing statutes. 9 620 0 R An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. 149 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R 173 0 obj /Font << << << /StructParents 3 215 0 obj 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] >> << endobj /K 2 "Electronic communication" means any transfer of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectric or photo-optical system. endobj [53], The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.[54]. 46 0 obj /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /P 9 0 R >> << The focus on legislating cyberbullying and cyberstalking has largely come about as a result of the perceived inadequacy, generally by legislators and parents of bullying victims, of existing laws, whether those existing laws cover stalking, unauthorized use of computer resources, or the like. However, just as with slander and libel, it is important to balance the protection of freedom of speech of both parties with the need for protection of the target. << 176 0 obj /K 6 /K 4 81 0 obj endobj /Type /Metadata In 2009, Representative Linda Snchez (D-CA) brought legislation titled the "Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act" before the U.S. House of Representatives. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /P 9 0 R << /Length 4275 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Pg 26 0 R /K 11 /S /Footnote 18 [164 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R /K 5 << 20 [204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 581 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R >> << /TT1 244 0 R /Pg 27 0 R Secure .gov websites use HTTPS >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> >> /S /P 60 0 obj endobj /Type /Page << endobj << /P 9 0 R 7-39). 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R 617 0 R 618 0 R 619 0 R /F2 224 0 R The evolving cybercrime landscape and resulting skills gaps are a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies and prosecutors, especially for cross-border enforcement. 50 0 obj /Contents 339 0 R /P 9 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /S /P /S /P /Contents 284 0 R >> 625 0 R 626 0 R 510 0 R 131 0 R 511 0 R 131 0 R 512 0 R 131 0 R 513 0 R 131 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /Contents 268 0 R /ColorSpace << In addition, opponents call the proposed sentences (up to two years incarceration) excessive. endobj /K [533 0 R 534 0 R 535 0 R 536 0 R 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R] << 396 0 R null 397 0 R null 398 0 R null 399 0 R null 400 0 R null << /Parent 8 0 R >> /P 9 0 R endobj endobj >> %PDF-1.5 /Pg 14 0 R <> /S /P 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R Organization in the United States prosecute offenders semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the issue. 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