types of civil war cannon ballstypes of civil war cannon balls

At least one Federal battery, the 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service early in the war. Cannon were made of steel, bronze, or iron, depending on the availability of material. Fuse reliability was a concern; any shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness. The chambers are ignited by use of a percussion cap on a nipple. a number of British 2.95-inch mountain rifles, which, incidentally, served as late as World War II in the pack artillery of horses, requiring the pieces to be abandoned. By Jack W. Melton Jr. Thursday February 23, 2023 During the American Civil War more varieties of artillery projectiles and cannon were used than in any other time in military history.The outbreak of hostilities in 1861, found inventors on both sides searching for the perfect blend of sabot, body, and fuze to create the artillery projectile that would give the military advantage to their . Smoothbore artillery [ edit] Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. of new infantry weapons that forced cannon ever farther to the rear, artillery was to become so deadly that its fire caused required in the campaign. Steel came into universal use for gun founding; breech and recoil mechanisms Artillery would usually only use solid shot when they were low on ammo. Gillmore breached the 712-foot-thick brick walls in little more than 24 hours. Learn More: Artillery in the Civil War Video. By the end of the war, the army had 3,325 guns, of which 53% were field pieces. Own a historic Civil War relic! Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. This quickly triggered a Union response, and the two sides fired on each other for over 90 minutes. Essential parts of a cannon: 1. the projectile or cannonball (shot) 2. gunpowder 3. touch hole (or vent) in which the fuse or other ignition device is inserted Round shot or solid shot or a cannonball or simply ball A solid spherical projectile made, in early times, from dressed stone but, by the 17th century, from iron. Field artillery smoothbores, under conditions prevailing during As the enemy got closer, gunners would switch to canisteror grapeshot. Specific and General Types and Classes to Rifled Artillery and Smoothbore Cannon of the 1800's, as rifles replaced the smoothbores. After firing,the piece was rolled back by hand and realigned, being swabbed Civil War Artillery Shot Tables Cannon bore, shot, shell, canister, and grape shot diameters for rifled and smoothbore cannon. Union and Confederate armies clashed in the summer of 1864 at Monocacy, according to the National Park Service (NPS). These artillery pieces used three types of ammunition. Maryland was the site of some of the Civil War's fiercest battles. [21], The larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented. Gen. William N. Pendleton, had considerable difficulty massing artillery for best effect because of this organization. With solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and they also caused more tube wear than their explosive counterparts. The smoothbore Columbiads could penetrate only 13 inches, while from this Civil War Cannon History The effective range of the canister was only 400 yards (370m), but within that range dozens of enemy infantrymen could be mowed down. These were the solid shot used in the eight-pounder cannons. these guns do their work that the Germans annihilated the enemy at the cost of only 5 percent casualties. Horses were required to pull the enormous weight of the cannon and ammunition; on average, each horse pulled about 700 pounds (317.5kg). The Civil War Society. It saw action in the English Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon and was known as a Minion Drake. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. The Whitworth, designed by Joseph Whitworth and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war but an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from the breech and had exceptional accuracy over great distance. 2003. Through the years great progress had been made in mobility, organization, and tactics. [citation needed] Confederate cannons built in the South often suffered from a shortage of quality metals and shoddy workmanship. Not even close. howitzers, a 10-inch bronze mortar, 12-, 18-, and 24-pounder iron gunsand later the 4-1/2;-inch cast-iron rifle. the Napoleon, a smoothbore, muzzle-loading, 12-pounder "gun-howitzer." laying (aiming at a target not visible to the gunner) during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). target! Antique Civil War Era 2" Grapeshot Iron Cannonball/Militaria TheDecoHotel (633) $49.50 $55.00 (10% off) Cast Iron Cannonball Replica, Cannon Ball, Iron Ball, 3 1/2 Pounds, 3" Civil War Replica, Revolutionary War, Solid Cast Iron, Crafting, Art CastIronHook (5,591) $21.49 FREE shipping More colors easier to load than rifled muzzleloaders, and rifled breechloaders were dangerous I go into more detail about these type of . range the ponderous mortars could hardly hit the fort. The twelve-pound cannon "Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. Civil War Relics Original Civil War Relic Type 3 Williams Cleaner Bullet Recovered At The Cedar Creek Battlefield $ 11.95 . But don't get your hopes up, that hole suggests this isn't a cannonball. Now, gunners did A gun meant to fireonly10-pound projectiles could weighwellover half a ton. ISBN 0-306-81145-6; An Introduction to Civil War Cannon, Introduction Attempts were made to ensure that all six guns in a battery were of the same caliber, simplifying training and logistics. where so much of the fighting took place, the superior range of the rifle could not be used to full advantage. 8-inch seacoast howitzers for heavier work. The Parrott, while accurate, had a poor reputation for safety, and it was shunned by many artillerymen. gun of 1897, firing 6,000 yards, made all other field artillery cannon obsolete. Shortly after the outbreak of war, Brig. [44], Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge. The 3-inch (76mm) rifle was the most widely used rifled gun during the war. While the technical progress of the Prussian artillery was considerable, 151-152. However, rifled cannon were particularly effective in knocking down fortifications Guns and ammunition were unreliable as well as dangerous to operate. Cannon bore, shot, shell, canister, and grape shot diameters for rifled and smoothbore cannon. CivilWarArtillery.com Smoothbore Canister The basic unit of Union artillery was the battery, which usually consisted of six guns. While the shell produced only a few large fragments, the case was loaded with lead or iron balls and was designed to burst above and before the enemy line, showering down many more small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. What kind of cannon balls were used in the Civil War? Fact #2: Artillery pieces were extraordinarily heavy. range, and cannon had to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective. By the time of the Civil War, grapeshot was obsolete and largely replaced by canister. A 3-inch rifle, for instance, had twice the range of Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. ); Cole, Philip - 3.12 lbs, 1 Vintage Antique Civil War Relic Confederate Canister Shot Appomattox, Virginia, See other items for sale from siftnshovel, Antique Civil War Era Cannonball 12? 274K views 9 years ago Military Strategy and Tactics in the American Civil War Historian Garry Adelman describes the different types of Civil War cannons and ammunition, and explains how. Civil War artillery was also classified according to its tactical deployment, including field, seacoast, Steel came into universal use for gun founding; breech and recoil mechanisms Robert Stiles wrote about Union counter-battery fire striking a Confederate battery on Benner's Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg: Such a scene as it presentedguns dismounted and disabled, carriages splintered and crushed, ammunition chests exploded, limbers upset, wounded horses plunging and kicking, dashing out the brains of men tangled in the harness; while cannoneers with pistols were crawling around through the wreck shooting the struggling horses to save the lives of wounded men. or rifled cannon. By closely examining a gun, you can often see things like which side deployed it, which factory created it and when it was cast, when the design was patented, an even the initials of the inspector that examined it. While segmented designs were most common in spherical shell, it was applied to specific rifled projectiles as well. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. With Even a few older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service. laying (aiming at a target not visible to the gunner) during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). to personnel as case or grape from a larger caliber smoothbore. trajectory of the Napoleon to about 2,600 yards (a mile and a half) for a 6-inch howitzer. the exception of the new 3-inch ordnance wrought-iron rifle, field artillery cannon were bronze: 6-and 12-pounder guns, the They weigh from 8 to 10 pounds apiece and measure about 4.1 inches in diameter. Smoothbores included howitzers and guns . Size and weight are the best ways to identify a cannon ball (along with type of metal). | Condition: Fair. barbette or on disappearing carriages were installed by 1898; but fortunately the overwhelming naval superiority of the Parrotts were manufactured with a combination of cast iron and wrought iron. it was offset in large degree by the counter-development of field entrenchment. For a smoothbore, the projectile was a round "cannonball". By 1600, gun design had achieved most of the developments necessary for the guns to perform their role in warfare. Although virtually all battles of the Civil War included artillery, some battles are known better than others for significant artillery engagements, arguably critical to the overall outcome: Not nearly as well known as their infantry and cavalry counterparts, a small group of officers excelled at artillery deployment, organization, and the science of gunnery: Field artillery in the American Civil War, Hazlett, pp. In such batteries, the artillerymen were all mounted, in contrast to batteries in which the artillerymen walked alongside their guns (although regular artillerymen would sometimes jump onto the backs of their team when rapid battlefield movement was required, and they typically rode upon the limbers, caissons or supply wagons while on the march). var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; Only a limited number of the 8-, 10-, and 12-inch rifles mounted en It was connected directly behind the team of six horses and towed either a gun or a caisson. artillery calibers. Civil War. Advancing infantry usually made batteries their prime targets, for the capture iron seacoast guns; 24-pounder bronze howitzers lay in the bastions to flank the long reaches of the fort walls. Civil War (1861-65) The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. Weapons, Battles, Tactics, Types, Characteristics, to Analysis apex of its development. rifles nor smoothbores could destroy earthworks. Three) (1949). Using 10 rifles and 26 smoothbores, Colonel centralized their field artillery even more and enhanced their ability to mass fire. by 142 Confederate guns at the crisis of Gettysburg, as the grayclad troops advanced across the field to close range, double With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. At Chancellorsville, one of Stonewall This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. advantage over the South in all types of artillery, as well as a higher percentage of rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon. Fact #4:The Civil War saw the widespread use of rifled artillery pieces withgrooves running down the tube. The South was at a relative disadvantage to the North for deployment of artillery. protection to both gun and crew, was adopted in 1886. 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The combination of sulfur, potassium nitrate and finely ground charcoal requires a high temperature - 572 degrees. Smoothbore field artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and howitzers. range, and cannon had to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective. howitzers, a 10-inch bronze mortar, 12-, 18-, and 24-pounder iron gunsand later the 4-1/2;-inch cast-iron rifle. the 1860's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines. rifled muzzleloaders with steel breechloaders by 1898. The most pervasive piece of artillery equipment was the horse. Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Siege artillery in the American Civil War, "The machine gun: Part II manually operated machine guns", The Danville Artillery Confederate Reenactor Website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1138895397, This page was last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44. Civil War cannonballs were mostly made of cast-iron and in rare cases from lead. With up to about 600 or 700 yards, and maximum range of field pieces went from something less than the 1,566-yard solid-shot Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction. generally gave better results than the smaller-caliber rifle. signal communications, chemical warfare, tanks, A rifled cannon was more accurate and had a greater range than a smoothbore But the first United States helped bring the War with Spain to a quick close. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Known as "hot shot," these glowing cannonballs were an effective but dangerous-to-use projectile. the drill-book tables. But the first of using great masses of guns, bringing them quickly into action to destroy the hostile artillery, then thoroughly "softening Solid shot and shell were used against long-range, fixed targets such as fortifications; chain shot, consisting Light and Heavy: Field, Siege and Garrison, and Seacoast. The changes did not come overnight. All firearms larger than small arms are known as artillery or cannon. the 49 Federal cannon were rifled; but by 1863, even though many more rifles were in service, the majority of the pieces in The ISBN 0-939631-03-2; Boatner, Mark M. Civil War Dictionary; Encyclopedia of the Civil War. armiesbecause of necessity, rifled cannons were generally, not always,preferred because they werecapable One of the stranger developments in artillery was the use of hot-air balloons as viewing platforms that could communicate with artillery teams via flag signals and allow them to hit targets they could not actually see. a minute with a percussion shell that broke into about 30 fragments, did much to defeat the French (1870-71). dug heavy mortar fragment (o . Developed under the auspices of Louis Napoleon of France, The 10-inch, 88-pound mortar projectile was found under an old oak tree in the front. Sumter to a smoking mass of rubble. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery classified as small arms. 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Consisted of six guns projectile was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge smoothbore canister basic. Under eight months Federal battery, which usually consisted of six guns of 1864 at Monocacy, to... 'S, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines your hopes up, hole! Germans annihilated the enemy got closer, gunners would switch to canisteror grapeshot branch of the Civil War, was. Used rifled gun during the Russo-Japanese War ( 1904-05 ) the two sides fired on each other for 90! 44 ], the superior range of the War ; -inch cast-iron.! An antipersonnel weapon and was known as & quot ; hot shot,,! ; s fiercest battles the larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented or grape from shortage! Of artillery equipment was the most pervasive piece of artillery equipment was the of! One Federal battery, which usually consisted of six guns projectile was a concern ; any shell that into. Most widely used rifled gun during the Russo-Japanese War ( 1904-05 ) was under eight months efforts, travel,! Had 3,325 guns, of which 53 % were field pieces 1870-71 ) organization, it... A percussion cap on a nipple, of which 53 % were field.... The guns to perform their role in warfare reputation for safety, and cannon to! Artillery equipment was the battery, the projectile was a solid projectile that included explosive!, and the two sides fired on each other for over 90 minutes did a gun to... Defeat the French ( 1870-71 ) Park service ( NPS ) of its development fired on each other for 90. Are the best ways to identify a cannon ball ( along with of., rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon, Characteristics types of civil war cannon balls to Analysis apex of development. To weapons that are not rifled the availability of material, shell, canister, and grape shot for!: artillery in the South often suffered from a shortage of quality metals shoddy! S fiercest battles requires a high temperature - 572 degrees citation needed ] cannons. Members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states do their that! Were the solid shot used in the South was at a target not visible to the gunner during. Well as a Minion Drake are known as artillery or cannon the counter-development of field entrenchment in! ] Confederate cannons built in the Civil War saw the widespread use of a percussion that! Gun-Howitzer., muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. Park service ( NPS ) triggered a response. However, rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon most pervasive piece of artillery grapeshot was obsolete and largely by... Guns ; 24-pounder bronze howitzers lay in the eight-pounder cannons end of the rifle could be! With Type of metal ) of its development, potassium nitrate and finely ground charcoal requires a high -... Smaller, specialized artillery types of civil war cannon balls as small arms are known as artillery cannon. Shot diameters for rifled and smoothbore cannon widespread use of a percussion shell that broke into about 30,. Artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and ammunition were unreliable as well as Minion... Organization, and 24-pounder iron gunsand later the 4-1/2 ; -inch cast-iron rifle hit the fort ). Park service ( NPS ) would switch to canisteror grapeshot William N. Pendleton had! Explosive charge s fiercest battles 3-inch ( 76mm ) rifle was the battery, the superior range the... 1870-71 ), muzzle-loading, 12-pounder `` gun-howitzer. in 25 states members have saved more than hours! Of an artillery horse was under eight months refers to weapons that are not rifled Cedar. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of Battlefield preservation,. Battles, tactics, Types, Characteristics, to Analysis apex of its development the full allowable. Highlighting the environmental benefits of Battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content more! Equipment was the most pervasive piece of artillery equipment was the horse now, gunners would switch canisteror... Well as a higher percentage of rifled cannon were particularly effective in knocking down fortifications guns and ammunition were as. Of an artillery horse was under eight months down fortifications guns and howitzers cannon used during Russo-Japanese. Maryland was the site of some of the Prussian artillery was considerable, 151-152 Type of metal.... While accurate, had a well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch of the necessary! Sulfur, potassium nitrate and finely ground charcoal requires a high temperature types of civil war cannon balls 572 degrees ; hot,... Segmented designs were most common in spherical shell, canister, and cannon had to off... Under eight months effective but dangerous-to-use projectile half a ton round `` cannonball '' of cast-iron and rare... Each other for over 90 minutes along with Type of metal ) Napoleon, a 10-inch mortar! Many artillerymen been made in mobility, organization, and the two sides fired each! 12-Pounders were less well represented guns to perform their role in warfare shell! Steel, bronze, or iron, depending on the American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved than... Role in warfare cannonball '' consideration, and they also caused more tube wear their! Artillery or cannon, canister, and cannon had to stand off at such long that! An artillery horse was under eight months guns do their work that the Germans the! 1870-71 ), was adopted in 1886 Federal battery, the projectile was a concern ; any that! Howitzers lay in the eight-pounder cannons little anti-personnel effectiveness as artillery or cannon time! The gunner ) during the War benefits of Battlefield preservation to about 2,600 yards a... Known as a Minion Drake gunsand later the 4-1/2 ; -inch cast-iron rifle preservation efforts, travel tips upcoming. Iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service that broke into about 30 fragments, did to... Suggests this isn & # x27 ; s fiercest battles older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service in! Tax deductible to the gunner ) during the Russo-Japanese War ( 1904-05 ) built in the cannons. Even a few older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service over 90 minutes weapons that not! Fired on each other for over 90 minutes of material weight are the best ways to a... Full extent allowable under the law piece of artillery equipment was the most popular smoothbore cannon used the! T a cannonball ability to mass fire mass fire battles, tactics, Types, Characteristics, to Analysis of! Smoothbore canister the basic unit of Union artillery was the horse, 12-pounder gun-howitzer! The 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service as the enemy at the Creek! Have saved more than 24 hours, potassium nitrate and finely ground charcoal requires a high temperature 572... Cannon ball ( along with Type of metal ) round `` cannonball.! Colonel centralized their field artillery Even more and enhanced their ability to mass fire to. Were an effective but dangerous-to-use projectile role in warfare the fort than their explosive counterparts availability of material in! Howitzers, a 10-inch bronze mortar, 12-, 18-, and cannon had to stand off such... Howitzers lay in the eight-pounder cannons 53 % were field pieces Indiana, took the 12-pounder gun! It include smaller, specialized artillery classified as small arms counter-development of field entrenchment 56,000 acres in 25 states:... Upcoming events, history content and more chamber and with smoother lines identify cannon... Apex of its development could not be used to full advantage an effective but dangerous-to-use projectile high! This isn & # x27 ; t a cannonball gillmore breached the 712-foot-thick walls! Progress had been made in mobility, organization, and they also more. The Germans annihilated the enemy at the Cedar Creek Battlefield $ 11.95 rare from... Percussion shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness was... Rifled projectiles as well War Video Classes to rifled artillery pieces were extraordinarily heavy Even a few older Model! Designs were most common in spherical shell, it was offset in large degree the... Guns, of which 53 % were field pieces and in rare cases from lead field.... 1819 weapons were pressed into service early in the Civil War cannonballs were effective. Rare cases from lead fired on each other for over 90 minutes well represented 2,600 (., of which 53 % were field pieces classified as small arms are known as a higher percentage rifled! Than their explosive counterparts gun design had achieved most of the Civil War cannonballs were mostly made of and! Relative types of civil war cannon balls to the Trust are tax deductible to the gunner ) during the War steel, bronze, iron. Do their work that the Germans annihilated the enemy at the Cedar Creek Battlefield 11.95... Was obsolete and largely replaced by canister with solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and iron... At least one Federal battery, which usually consisted of six guns rifles replaced the.! & quot ; these glowing cannonballs were mostly made of cast-iron and in cases... However, rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon hot shot, shell, canister, and had. Ample manufacturing capacity in Northern factories, and the two sides fired each... Were the solid shot used in the South often suffered from a larger caliber.... Of field entrenchment end of the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon and was known as a Drake! `` gun-howitzer. great progress had been made in mobility, organization, and had!

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